Devise::JWT

devise-jwt is a Devise extension which uses JWT tokens for user authentication. It follows secure by default principle.

This gem is just a replacement for cookies when these can't be used. As with cookies, a devise-jwt token will mandatorily have an expiration time. If you need that your users never sign out, you will be better off with a solution using refresh tokens, like some implementation of OAuth2.

You can read about which security concerns this library takes into account and about JWT generic secure usage in the following series of posts:

• Stand Up for JWT Revocation
• JWT Revocation Strategies
• JWT Secure Usage
• A secure JWT authentication implementation for Rack and Rails

devise-jwt is just a thin layer on top of warden-jwt_auth that configures it to be used out of the box with Devise and Rails.

Since version v0.7.0 Blacklist revocation strategy has been renamed to Denylist while Whitelist has been renamed to Allowlist.

For Denylist, you only need to update the include line you're using in your revocation strategy model:

# include Devise::JWT::RevocationStrategies::Blacklist # before
include Devise::JWT::RevocationStrategies::Denylist

For Allowlist, you need to update the include line you're using in your user model:

# include Devise::JWT::RevocationStrategies::Whitelist # before
include Devise::JWT::RevocationStrategies::Allowlist

You also have to rename your WhitelistedJwt model to AllowlistedJwt, rename model/whitelisted_jwt.rb to model/allowlisted_jwt.rb and change the underlying database table to allowlisted_jwts (or configure the model to keep using the old name).

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

gem 'devise-jwt'

And then execute:

$ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

$ gem install devise-jwt

First, you need to configure Devise to work in an API application. You can follow the instructions in this project wiki page Configuring Devise for APIs (you are more than welcome to improve them).

You have to configure the secret key that will be used to sign generated tokens. You can do it in the Devise initializer:

Devise.setup do |config|
  # ...
  config.jwt do |jwt|
    jwt.secret = ENV['DEVISE_JWT_SECRET_KEY']
  end
end

If you are using Encrypted Credentials (Rails 5.2+), you can store the secret key in config/credentials.yml.enc.

Open your credentials editor using bin/rails credentials:edit and add devise_jwt_secret_key.

Note you may need to set $EDITOR depending on your specific environment.

# Other secrets...

# Used as the base secret for Devise JWT
devise_jwt_secret_key: abc...xyz

Add the following to the Devise initializer.

Devise.setup do |config|
  # ...
  config.jwt do |jwt|
    jwt.secret = Rails.application.credentials.devise_jwt_secret_key!
  end
end

Important: You are encouraged to use a secret different than your application secret_key_base. It is quite possible that some other component of your system is already using it. If several components share the same secret key, chances that a vulnerability in one of them has a wider impact increase. In rails, generating new secrets is as easy as rails secret. Also, never share your secrets pushing it to a remote repository, you are better off using an environment variable like in the example.

Currently, HS256 algorithm is the one in use. You may configure a matching secret and algorithm name to use a different one (see ruby-jwt to see which are supported):

Devise.setup do |config|
  # ...
  config.jwt do |jwt|
    jwt.secret = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(Rails.application.credentials.devise_jwt_secret_key!)
    jwt.algorithm = Rails.application.credentials.devise_jwt_algorithm!
  end
end

If the algorithm is asymmetric (e.g. RS256) which necessitates a different decoding secret, configure the decoding_secret setting as well:

Devise.setup do |config|
  # ...
  config.jwt do |jwt|
    jwt.secret = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(Rails.application.credentials.devise_jwt_private_key!)
    jwt.decoding_secret = OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(Rails.application.credentials.devise_jwt_public_key!)
    jwt.algorithm = 'RS256' # or some other asymmetric algorithm
  end
end

You have to tell which user models you want to be able to authenticate with JWT tokens. For them, the authentication process will be like this:

• A user authenticates through Devise create session request (for example, using the standard :database_authenticatable module).
• If the authentication succeeds, a JWT token is dispatched to the client in the Authorization response header, with format Bearer #{token} (tokens are also dispatched on a successful sign up).
• The client can use this token to authenticate following requests for the same user, providing it in the Authorization request header, also with format Bearer #{token}
• When the client visits Devise destroy session request, the token is revoked.

See request_formats configuration option if you are using paths with a format segment (like .json) in order to use it properly.

As you see, unlike other JWT authentication libraries, it is expected that tokens will be revoked by the server. I wrote about why I think JWT revocation is needed and useful.

An example configuration:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  devise :database_authenticatable,
         :jwt_authenticatable, jwt_revocation_strategy: Denylist
end

If you need to add something to the JWT payload, you can do it by defining a jwt_payload method in the user model. It must return a Hash. For instance:

def jwt_payload
  { 'foo' => 'bar' }
end

You can add a hook method on_jwt_dispatch on the user model. It is executed when a token dispatched for that user instance, and it takes token and payload as parameters.

def on_jwt_dispatch(token, payload)
  do_something(token, payload)
end

Note: if you are making cross-domain requests, make sure that you add Authorization header to the list of allowed request headers and exposed response headers. You can use something like rack-cors for that, for example:

config.middleware.insert_before 0, Rack::Cors do
  allow do
    origins 'http://your.frontend.domain.com'
    resource '/api/*',
      headers: %w(Authorization),
      methods: :any,
      expose: %w(Authorization),
      max_age: 600
  end
end

If you are working with a Rails application that has session storage enabled and a default Devise setup, chances are the same origin requests will be authenticated from the session regardless of a token being present in the headers or not.

This is so because of the following default Devise workflow:

• When a user signs in with :database_authenticatable strategy, the user is stored in the session unless one of the following conditions is met:
  • Session is disabled.
  • Devise config.skip_session_storage includes :params_auth.
  • Rails Request forgery protection handles an unverified request (but this is usually deactivated for API requests).
• Warden (the engine below Devise), authenticates any request that the user has in the session without requiring a strategy (:jwt_authenticatable in our case).

So, if you want to avoid this caveat you have five options:

• Disable the session. If you are developing an API, you probably don't need it. In order to disable it, change config/initializers/session_store.rb to:

  Rails.application.config.session_store :disabled

  Notice that if you created the application with the --api flag you already have the session disabled.

• If you still need the session for any other purpose, disable :database_authenticatable user storage. In config/initializers/devise.rb:

  config.skip_session_storage = [:http_auth, :params_auth]

• If you are using Devise for another model (e.g. AdminUser) and doesn't want to disable session storage for Devise entirely, you can disable it on a per-model basis:

  class User < ApplicationRecord
    devise :database_authenticatable #, your other enabled modules...
    self.skip_session_storage = [:http_auth, :params_auth]
  end

• If you need the session for some of the controllers, you are able to disable it at the controller level for those controllers which don't need it:

  class AdminsController < ApplicationController
    before_action :drop_session_cookie
  
    private
  
    def drop_session_cookie
      request.session_options[:skip] = true
    end

• As the last option you can tell Devise to not store the user in the Warden session if you override default Devise SessionsController with your own one, and pass store: false attribute to the sign_in, sign_in_and_redirect, bypass_sign_in methods:

  sign_in user, store: false

devise-jwt comes with three revocation strategies out of the box. Some of them are implementations of what is discussed in the blog post JWT Revocation Strategies, where I also talk about their pros and cons.

Here, the model class acts as the revocation strategy. It needs a new string column named jti to be added to the user. jti stands for JWT ID, and it is a standard claim meant to uniquely identify a token.

It works like the following:

• When a token is dispatched for a user, the jti claim is taken from the jti column in the model (which has been initialized when the record has been created).
• At every authenticated action, the incoming token jti claim is matched against the jti column for that user. The authentication only succeeds if they are the same.
• When the user requests to sign out its jti column changes, so that provided token won't be valid anymore.

In order to use it, you need to add the jti column to the user model. So, you have to set something like the following in a migration:

def change
  add_column :users, :jti, :string, null: false
  add_index :users, :jti, unique: true
  # If you already have user records, you will need to initialize its `jti` column before setting it to not nullable. Your migration will look this way:
  # add_column :users, :jti, :string
  # User.all.each { |user| user.update_column(:jti, SecureRandom.uuid) }
  # change_column_null :users, :jti, false
  # add_index :users, :jti, unique: true
end

Important: You are encouraged to set a unique index in the jti column. This way we can be sure at the database level that there aren't two valid tokens with same jti at the same time.

Then, you have to add the strategy to the model class and configure it accordingly:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  include Devise::JWT::RevocationStrategies::JTIMatcher

  devise :database_authenticatable,
         :jwt_authenticatable, jwt_revocation_strategy: self
end

Be aware that this strategy makes uses of jwt_payload method in the user model, so if you need to use it don't forget to call super:

def jwt_payload
  super.merge('foo' => 'bar')
end

In this strategy, a database table is used as a list of revoked JWT tokens. The jti claim, which uniquely identifies a token, is persisted. The exp claim is also stored to allow the clean-up of stale tokens.

In order to use it, you need to create the denylist table in a migration:

def change
  create_table :jwt_denylist do |t|
    t.string :jti, null: false
    t.datetime :exp, null: false
  end
  add_index :jwt_denylist, :jti
end

For performance reasons, it is better if the jti column is an index.

Note: if you used the denylist strategy before version 0.4.0 you may not have the field exp. If not, run the following migration:

class AddExpirationTimeToJWTDenylist < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    add_column :jwt_denylist, :exp, :datetime, null: false
  end
end

Then, you need to create the corresponding model and include the strategy:

class JwtDenylist < ApplicationRecord
  include Devise::JWT::RevocationStrategies::Denylist

  self.table_name = 'jwt_denylist'
end

Last, configure the user model to use it:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  devise :database_authenticatable,
         :jwt_authenticatable, jwt_revocation_strategy: JwtDenylist
end

Here, the model itself also acts as a revocation strategy, but it needs to have a one-to-many association with another table which stores the tokens (in fact their jti claim, which uniquely identifies them) that are valid for each user record.

The workflow is as the following:

• Once a token is dispatched for a user, its jti claim is stored in the associated table.
• At every authentication, the incoming token jti is matched against all the jti associated to that user. The authentication only succeeds if one of them matches.
• On a sign out, the token jti is deleted from the associated table.

In fact, besides the jti claim, the aud claim is also stored and matched at every authentication. This, together with the aud_header configuration parameter, can be used to differentiate between clients or devices for the same user.

The exp claim is also stored to allow the clean-up of staled tokens.

In order to use it, you have to create the associated table and model. The association table must be called allowlisted_jwts:

def change
  create_table :allowlisted_jwts do |t|
    t.string :jti, null: false
    t.string :aud
    # If you want to leverage the `aud` claim, add to it a `NOT NULL` constraint:
    # t.string :aud, null: false
    t.datetime :exp, null: false
    t.references :your_user_table, foreign_key: { on_delete: :cascade }, null: false
  end

  add_index :allowlisted_jwts, :jti, unique: true
end

Important: You are encouraged to set a unique index in the jti column. This way we can be sure at the database level that there aren't two valid tokens with the same jti at the same time. Defining foreign_key: { on_delete: :cascade }, null: false on t.references :your_user_table helps to keep referential integrity of your database.

And then, the model:

class AllowlistedJwt < ApplicationRecord
end

Finally, include the strategy in the model and configure it:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  include Devise::JWT::RevocationStrategies::Allowlist

  devise :database_authenticatable,
         :jwt_authenticatable, jwt_revocation_strategy: self
end

Be aware that this strategy makes uses of on_jwt_dispatch method in the user model, so if you need to use it don't forget to call super:

def on_jwt_dispatch(token, payload)
  super
  do_something(token, payload)
end

A null object pattern strategy, which does not revoke tokens, is provided out of the box just in case you are absolutely sure you don't need token revocation. It is recommended not to use it.

class User < ApplicationRecord
  devise :database_authenticatable,
         :jwt_authenticatable, jwt_revocation_strategy: Devise::JWT::RevocationStrategies::Null
end

You can also implement your own strategies. They just need to implement two methods: jwt_revoked? and revoke_jwt, both of them accept the JWT payload and the user record as parameters, in this order.

For instance:

module MyCustomStrategy
  def self.jwt_revoked?(payload, user)
    # Does something to check whether the JWT token is revoked for given user
  end

  def self.revoke_jwt(payload, user)
    # Does something to revoke the JWT token for given user
  end
end

class User < ApplicationRecord
  devise :database_authenticatable,
         :jwt_authenticatable, jwt_revocation_strategy: MyCustomStrategy
end

Models configured with :jwt_authenticatable usually won't be retrieved from the session. For this reason, sign_in Devise testing helper methods won't work as expected.

What you need to do to authenticate test environment requests is the same that you will do in production: to provide a valid token in the Authorization header (in the form of Bearer #{token}) at every request.

There are two ways you can get a valid token:

• Inspecting the Authorization response header after a valid sign in request.
• Manually creating it.

The first option tests the real workflow of your application, but it can slow things if you perform it at every test.

For the second option, a test helper is provided in order to add the Authorization name/value pair to given request headers. You can use it as in the following example:

# First, require the helper module
require 'devise/jwt/test_helpers'

# ...

  it 'tests something' do
    user = fetch_my_user()
    headers = { 'Accept' => 'application/json', 'Content-Type' => 'application/json' }
    # This will add a valid token for `user` in the `Authorization` header
    auth_headers = Devise::JWT::TestHelpers.auth_headers(headers, user)

    get '/my/end_point', headers: auth_headers

    expect_something()
  end

Usually you will wrap this in your own test helper.

This library can be configured calling jwt on Devise config object:

Devise.setup do |config|
  config.jwt do |jwt|
    # ...
  end
end

Secret key is used to sign generated JWT tokens. You must set it.

Allow rotating secrets. Set a new value to secret and copy the old secret to rotation_secret.

Number of seconds while a JWT is valid after its generation. After that, it won't be valid anymore, even if it hasn't been revoked.

Defaults to 3600 seconds (1 hour).

Besides the create session one, there are additional requests where JWT tokens should be dispatched.

It must be a bidimensional array, each item being an array of two elements: the request method and a regular expression that must match the request path.

For example:

jwt.dispatch_requests = [
                          ['POST', %r{^/dispatch_path_1$}],
                          ['GET', %r{^/dispatch_path_2$}],
                        ]

Important: You are encouraged to delimit your regular expression with ^ and $ to avoid unintentional matches.

Besides the destroy session one, there are additional requests where JWT tokens should be revoked.

It must be a bidimensional array, each item being an array of two elements: the request method and a regular expression that must match the request path.

For example:

jwt.revocation_requests = [
                            ['DELETE', %r{^/revocation_path_1$}],
                            ['GET', %r{^/revocation_path_2$}],
                          ]

Important: You are encouraged to delimit your regular expression with ^ and $ to avoid unintentional matches.

Request formats that must be processed (in order to dispatch or revoke tokens).

It must be a hash of Devise scopes as keys and an array of request formats as values. When a scope is not present or if it has a nil item, requests without format will be taken into account.

For example, with following configuration, user scope would dispatch and revoke tokens in json requests (as in /users/sign_in.json), while admin_user would do it in xml and with no format (as in /admin_user/sign_in.xml and /admin_user/sign_in).

jwt.request_formats = {
                        user: [:json],
                        admin_user: [nil, :xml]
                      }

By default, only requests without format are processed.

Request/response header which will transmit the JWT token.

Defaults to 'Authorization'

Expected issuer claim. If present, it will be checked against the incoming token issuer claim and authorization will be skipped if they don't match.

Defaults to nil.

Request header which content will be stored to the aud claim in the payload.

It is used to validate whether an incoming token was originally issued to the same client, checking if aud and the aud_header header value match. If you don't want to differentiate between clients, you don't need to provide that header.

Important: Be aware that this workflow is not bullet proof. In some scenarios a user can handcraft the request headers, therefore being able to impersonate any client. In such cases you could need something more robust, like an OAuth workflow with client id and client secret.

Defaults to JWT_AUD.

Request header containing the token in the format of Bearer #{token}.

Defaults to Authorization.

The issuer claim in the token.

If present, it will be checked against the incoming token issuer claim and authorization will be skipped if they don't match.

Defaults to nil.

jwt.issuer = 'http://myapp.com'

There are docker and docker-compose files configured to create a development environment for this gem. So, if you use Docker you only need to run:

docker-compose up -d

An then, for example:

docker-compose exec app rspec

Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/waiting-for-dev/devise-jwt. This project is intended to be a safe, welcoming space for collaboration, and contributors are expected to adhere to the Contributor Covenant code of conduct.

devise-jwt follows the principles of semantic versioning.

The gem is available as open source under the terms of the MIT License.